Today in Music History (Part 2)
Sub-Topics: Blues - Country & Western - Dance - Folk Music - Heavy Metal - Jazz - Opera - Pop Music - Reggae - Rock n Roll - Songwriter
Historical Events
Results 101 - 200 of 499
1929-12-30 - Cole Porter's musical "Wake Up & Dream," premieres in NYC
1930-10-14 - George Gershwin/Walter Donaldsons musical premieres in NYC
1930-11-17 - Musical "Sweet & Low" with Fanny Brice premieres in NYC
1930-11-18 - Musical "Smiles" with Bob Hope/Fred Astaire premieres in NYC
1930-12-03 - Richard Rodgers/L Hart's musical "Evergreen," premieres in London
1930-12-08 - Cole Porter's musical "NYCers," premieres in NYC
1931-10-13 - Musical "Everybody's Welcome" with T/J Dorsey premieres in NYC
1931-11-02 - Warren, Dixon & Young's musical "Laugh Parade," premieres in NYC
1931-12-26 - Pulitzer Prize-winning musical play "Of Thee I Sing" opens on Bdwy
1932-02-17 - Irving Berlin's musical "Face the Music," premieres in NYC
1932-11-08 - "Make Mine Music," debuts
1932-11-29 - Cole Porters musical "Gay Divorcee," premieres in NYC
1932-12-27 - Radio City Music Hall opens (NYC)
1933-03-02 - "King Kong," premieres at Radio City Music Hall & RKO Roxy NYC
1934-02-22 - "It Happened One Night," opens at NY's Radio City Music Hall
1934-08-27 - Arlen, Ira Gershwin & Harburgs musical premieres in NYC
1934-12-27 - Vernon Duke & James Hanley's musical premieres in NYC
1935-10-12 - Cole Porters musical "Jubilee," premieres in NYC
1935-11-16 - Richard Rodgers & Lorenz Hart's musical "Jumbo," premieres in NYC
1936-01-04 - Billboard magazine publishes its 1st music hit parade
1936-04-11 - Rodgers & Hammerstein's musical "On Your Toes," premieres in NYC
1937-11-27 - Pro-labor musical revue "Pins & Needles" opens, produced by ILGWU
1938-03-16 - Noel Coward's musical "Operette," premieres in London
1938-10-25 - The Archbishop of Dubuque, Francis J. L. Beckman, denounces Swing music as "a degenerated musical system... turned loose to gnaw away at the moral fiber of young people", warning that it leads down a "primrose path to hell".
1939-03-25 - Billboard Magazine introduces hillbilly (country) music chart
1939-08-28 - Sammy Fain/Jack Yellen's musical "George White's Scandals" premieres
1939-10-14 - BMI (Broadcast Music Incorporated) formed
1939-12-06 - Cole Porter's musical "Du Barry was a Lady," premieres in NYC
1940-02-08 - Lewis & Hamilton's musical "Two for the Show," premieres in NYC
1940-05-28 - Irving Berlin's musical "Louisiana Purchase," premieres in NYC
1940-10-25 - Duke, Latouche & Felter's musical premieres in NYC
1940-10-30 - Cole Porters musical "Panama hattie," premieres in NYC
1941-03-29 - WPAT radio in NJ begins broadcasting (country music format)
1941-05-15 - Nazi occupiers in Neth forbid Jewish music
1941-10-01 - H Martin/R Blanes musical "Best Foot Forward," premieres in NYC
1941-10-29 - Cole Porters musical "Let's Face It," premieres in NYC
1942-01-24 - Musical "Star & Garter," premieres in NYC
1942-07-24 - Irving Berlin's musical "This is the Army," premieres in NYC
1943-10-07 - Weill/Perelman/Nash' musical "One Touch of Venus," premieres in NYC
1944-08-21 - Grieg/Work/Forest's musical "Song of Norway," premieres in NYC
1944-09-28 - 1st TV Musical comedy (The Boys from Boise)
1944-10-05 - Harold Arlen/ET Harburgs musical premieres in NYC
1944-12-28 - Leonard Bernstein's musical "On the Town," premieres in NYC
1945-01-27 - S Romberg, H&D Fields' musical premieres in NYC
1945-04-19 - Rodgers & Hammerstein musical "Carousel" opens on Broadway
1946-04-18 - Rome/Auerbach/Horwitt's musical "Call Me Mister," premieres in NYC
1946-05-16 - Musical "Annie Get Your Gun," starring Ethel Merman premieres in NYC
1946-12-19 - Noel Cowards musical "Pacific 1860," premieres in London
1947-04-26 - "Bless the Bride" musical opens in London
1947-10-02 - "Music in My Heart" opens at Adelphi Theater NYC for 124 performances
1947-10-09 - Julie Styne & Sam Cohn's musical "High Button Shoes," premieres in NYC
1947-10-10 - Rodgers & Hammerstein's musical "Allegro," premieres in NYC
1947-12-11 - Bob Hilliard/Carl Sigman's musical "Angel in Wings," premieres in NYC
1948-01-13 - 1st country music TV show, Midwestern Hayride, premieres on WLW Cin
1948-01-24 - "Music in My Heart" closes at Adelphi Theater NYC after 124 perfs
1948-03-20 - 1st live televised musical Eugene Ormandy on CBS followed in 90
1948-03-20 - 20th Academy Awards - "Gentleman's Agreement," L Young, R Colman win minutes by 2nd live televised musical Arturo Toscvanni on NBC
1948-03-21 - "Stop the Music" with Bert Parks premieres on ABC radio
1948-05-18 - "Ballet Ballads" opens at Music Box Theater NYC for 62 performances
1948-07-10 - "Ballet Ballads" closes at Music Box Theater NYC after 62 performances
1949-10-30 - "Lost in the Stars" opens at Music Box Theater NYC for 281 perfs
1949-10-30 - Kurt Weill & Maxwell Anderson's musical premieres in NYC
1949-11-25 - "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer" appears on music charts
1950-02-22 - Brockway & Weinstock publish "Men of Music" (rev ed)
1950-07-01 - "Lost in the Stars" closes at Music Box Theater NYC after 281 perfs
1950-12-21 - Cole Porter's musical "Out of this World," premieres in NYC
1951-05-14 - Sammy Fain/EY Harburg's musical "Flahooley," premieres in NYC
1951-10-08 - "Music in the Air" opens at Ziegfeld Theater NYC for 56 performances
1951-11-24 - "Music in the Air" closes at Ziegfeld Theater NYC after 56 perfs
1952-05-02 - 1st performance of John Cage's "Water Music"
1952-11-14 - First regular UK singles chart published by the New Musical Express.
1953-02-11 - J Styne/B Hilliard's musical "Hazel Flagg," premieres in NYC
1953-10-02 - "Comedy in Music (Victor Borge)" opens at John Golden NYC for 849 perf
1954-01-14 - Sandy Wilson's musical "Boyfriend," premieres in London
1954-07-30 - Elvis Presley joins Memphis Federation of Musicians, Local 71
1954-12-09 - Dmitri Sjostakovitsj appointed honored guest of Swed Royal Music Acad
1954-12-30 - Harold Arlen/Truman Capotes musical premieres in NYC
1955-01-31 - RCA demonstrates 1st music synthesizer
1955-12-25 - Pope Pius XII encyclical on sacred music & popular music
1956-01-21 - "Comedy in Music (Victor Borge)" closes at Golden NYC after 849 perfs
1956-03-22 - Musical "Mr Wonderful" with Sammy Davis Jr premieres in NYC
1956-04-25 - Noel Coward's musical "South Sea Bubble," premieres in London
1956-05-03 - Frank Loesser's musical "Most Happy Fella," premieres in NYC
1956-11-10 - Gene de Paul/John Meyer's musical "Li'l Abner," premieres in NYC
1957-05-14 - Bob Merrill's musical "New Girl in Town," premieres in NYC
1957-05-27 - Toronto's CHUM-AM, (1050 kHz) becomes Canada's first radio station to broadcast only top 40 Rock n' Roll music format.
1957-09-26 - Bernstein & Sondheim's musical "West Side Story," premieres in NYC
1957-09-26 - Musical "West Side Story," opens on Broadway
1957-12-19 - "Music Man" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 1375 performances
1958-04-13 - 12th Tony Awards: Sunrise at Campobello & Music Man win
1958-05-31 - Dick Dale invents "surf music" with "Let's Go Trippin"
1958-10-02 - Musical show "Valmouth," 1st produced in London
1959-05-11 - Rodgers & Barer's musical "Once upon a mattress," premieres in NYC
1959-05-13 - Kraft Music Hall with Milton Berle, last airs on NBC-TV
1959-05-28 - Johnson & Bart's musical "Lock up your daughters," premieres in London
1959-09-11 - "Duke" Ellington wins Springarn Medal for his musical achievements
1959-10-22 - Bob Merrill's musical "Take me Along," premieres in NYC
1959-11-16 - "Sound of Music" opens at Lunt Fontanne Theater NYC for 1443 perfs
1960-02-04 - Lionel Bart's musical "Fings ain't wot they used t'be," premieres
1960-02-25 - John Cage's "Music for Amplified Toy Pianos," premieres
Famous Birthdays
Results 101 - 200 of 1,700
1891-06-21 - Hermann Scherchen, Berlin Germany, conductor (Nature of Music)
1892-02-01 - K Rudolf Mengelberg, composer/musicologist (Amsterdam Concert Hall)
1892-03-16 - James Petrillo, leader of the U.S. musicians union (d. 1984)
1892-10-28 - Dink Johnson, American musician (d. 1954)
1893-01-05 - Friedrich Blume, German musicologist (Das Rassenproblem in der Musik)
1893-03-18 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born jazz musician (d. 1962)
1893-07-29 - Arre Merikanto, Finnish composer (12-tones music)
1893-09-13 - Larry Shields, American musician (d. 1953)
1893-10-30 - Willi Apel, German/US musicologist (Harvard dictionary of music)
1894-01-16 - Irving Mills, American jazz music publisher (d. 1985)
1894-01-31 - Isham Jones, American musician (d. 1956)
1895-01-05 - Elizabeth Cotten, American musician (d. 1987)
1895-04-09 - Mance Lipscomb, Texas, blues musician (Texas Sharecropper)
1895-04-20 - Emile Christian, American musician (d. 1973)
1895-09-01 - Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar, Indian musician (d. 1974)
1896-01-20 - Elmer R Diktonius, Finnish musicologist/author (Janne Kubik)
1896-08-15 - Leon Theremin, electronic musical instruments inventor
1896-11-23 - Joris Vriamont, Flemish author/music publisher
1896-11-25 - Virgil Thomson, KC Mo, composer/music critic (4 Saints in 3 Acts)
1897-03-11 - Henry Dixon Cowell, Menlo Park Calif, composer (New Musical Resources)
1897-04-08 - Herbert Eimert, German composer/musicologist (Glockenspiel)
1897-12-09 - Hermione Gingold, London England, actress (Gigi, Music Man)
1898-01-09 - Gracie Fields, [Stansfield], England, music hall/vaudeville performer
1898-02-07 - Dock Boggs, American musician (d. 1971)
1898-05-28 - Andy Kirk, jazz musician
1898-10-17 - Shinichi Suzuki, music teacher
1899-05-25 - Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet, musician, revolutionary and philosopher (d. 1976)
1900-03-24 - June [Algeria Junius] Clark, musician trumpet
1900-04-02 - Heinrich Besseler, German musicologist
1900-05-28 - Tommy Ladnier, American musician (d. 1939)
1900-06-09 - Fred Waring, Tyrone Penn, musician/conductor/inventor (Waring Blender)
1900-07-04 - Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, New Orleans LA, jazz musician (Hello Dolly)
1900-07-13 - George Lewis, American musician (d. 1969)
1900-07-29 - Don Redman, American musician (d. 1964)
1901-04-06 - Willem Pelemans, Flemish composer/music reviewer
1901-08-28 - Paul Henry Lang, Budapest, critic/musicologist (NY Herald Tribune)
1901-09-03 - Eduard A van Beinum, Dutch musician/conductor
1901-12-13 - Georg M Rimski-Korssakov, Russian musicologist/theory [OS]
1902-01-08 - Alexander Gray, Wrightsville Pa, actor (This is Music)
1902-02-06 - George Brunies, American musician (d. 1974)
1902-03-21 - Eddie James "Son" House, folk blues musician (Delta Blues)
1902-03-30 - Ted Heath, British musician and band leader (d. 1969)
1902-05-18 - [Robert] Meredith Willson, Mason City Iowa, composer (Music Man)
1902-06-17 - Sammy Fain, American popular music composer (d. 1989)
1902-06-22 - David Burns, actor (Music Man, Hello Dolly!)
1902-09-14 - Giorgos Papasideris Greek musician (d. 1977)
1902-10-23 - Otto J Gombosi, Hungarian/US musicologist
1902-11-16 - Marcel Boereboom, Belgian musicologist
1903-03-28 - Rudolf Serkin, Eger Bohemia, pianist (Marlboro Sch of Music)
1903-06-06 - Aram Il'yich Khachaturian, Tiflis Georgia, musician/composer (Gayane)
1903-06-12 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925)
1903-07-16 - Carmen Lombardo, Canadian musician (d. 1971)
1903-09-15 - Roy Acuff, Maynardville Tenn, country musician (Hee Haw)
1903-11-01 - Max Adrian, Enniskillen Northern Ireland, actor (Devils, Music Lover)
1903-12-28 - Earl Hines, American musician (d. 1983)
1904-04-09 - Sharkey Bonano, American musician (d. 1972)
1904-08-17 - Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (d. 1991)
1904-08-21 - [William] Count Basie, Red Bank NJ, jazz musician (Blazing Saddles)
1904-12-15 - Kermit Bloomgarden, producer (Diary of Anne Frank, Music Man)
1905-01-13 - Percy Humphrey, musician
1905-01-26 - Maria Augusta von Trapp, Austria, singer, inspired "Sound of Music"
1905-05-08 - Red Nichols, American musician (d. 1965)
1905-05-10 - Markos Vamvakaris, Greek rebetiko musician and songwriter (d. 1972)
1905-06-13 - Doc Cheatham, jazz musician
1905-11-08 - Richard Nicholson, musician
1905-12-01 - Ida Carroll, musician
1905-12-02 - Osvaldo Pugliese, musician/composer
1906-03-27 - Pee Wee Russell, American musician (d. 1969)
1906-04-13 - Bud Freeman, American musician (d. 1991)
1906-06-28 - Safford Cape, US/Belgian conductor/composer/music historian
1906-07-07 - Anton Karas, Viennese musician (d. 1985)
1906-09-23 - Willard F McMurry, musician
1906-11-13 - Conrad Thibault, Northbridge Mass, singer (Jacques Fray Music Room)
1906-12-18 - Edwin H "Buddy" Morris, music publisher
1907-04-11 - William Henry Swinburne, music teacher
1907-06-20 - Jimmy Driftwood, American songwriter and musician (d. 1998)
1907-07-04 - Howard Taubman, American music and theater critic (d. 1996)
1907-08-08 - Benny Carter, NYC, musician/composer (Easy Money, King Carter)
1907-10-27 - Helmut Walcha, German organist (church music)
1907-11-18 - Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (d. 2003)
1908-01-07 - Red Allen, American musician (d. 1967)
1908-01-27 - Oran Page, American musician (d. 1954)
1908-03-13 - Helen Sinclair Glatz, musician
1908-06-27 - Hans de Jong, musician/conductor (De Damrakkertjes)
1908-07-25 - Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Indian musician (d. 2003)
1908-10-19 - Patrick Cairns "Spike" Hughes, British jazz musician/composer (Elegy)
1908-12-01 - Georgios Kasassoglou, Greek musician (d. 1984)
1909-01-24 - Tiny Winters, musician
1909-02-21 - George G F van Renesse, Dutch pianist/music director
1909-03-06 - Dave Clark, music promoter/songwriter
1909-05-09 - Don Messer, Canadian country musician (d. 1973)
1909-09-07 - Jo Juda, Dutch musician
1909-11-30 - Robert Nighthawk, American musician (d. 1967)
1910-06-17 - Red Foley, American musician (d. 1968)
1910-07-09 - Harold C Fox, fashion designer/musician
1910-10-10 - Alan Frank, music publisher
1910-11-11 - Frideswide Frances Emma Knight, musician/socialist
1910-11-29 - Louis Levy Jr, music publisher
1910-12-07 - Louis Prima, American musician (d. 1978)
1910-12-15 - John H. Hammond, American musician (d. 1987)
Famous Deaths
Results 101 - 200 of 576
1959-03-15 - Lester Young, American musician (b. 1909)
1959-04-13 - Eduard A van Beinum, Dutch musician/conductor, dies at 57
1959-06-23 - Boris Vian, French writer and musician (b. 1920)
1959-09-28 - Gerard Hoffnung, artist/humorist/musician, dies
1961-02-22 - Nick LaRocca, American jazz musician (b. 1889)
1961-02-28 - Joris Vriamont, Flemish writer/music publisher, dies at 64
1961-07-06 - Scott LaFaro, American musician (b. 1936)
1961-09-23 - Elmer R Diktonius, Finnish musicologist/author (Stenkol), dies at 65
1962-03-24 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born musician (b. 1899)
1963-06-22 - Maria Tănase, Romanian singer of traditional and popular music (b. 1913)
1963-08-23 - Glen Gray, American jazz musician and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra (b. 1900)
1964-01-07 - Cyril Davies, American musician (b. 1932)
1964-06-29 - Eric Dolphy, American jazz musician (b. 1928)
1964-08-31 - Carole Coleman, singer (Face the Music), dies at 42
1964-09-26 - Ida Moore, actress (Mr Music, Johnny Belinda), dies at 82
1965-06-28 - Red Nichols, American musician (b. 1905)
1965-09-15 - Steve Brown, American musician (b. 1890)
1965-09-16 - Ahn Eak-tai, Korean musician, composer, and conductor (b. 1906)
1965-10-15 - Carl Hoff, orch leader (Music Hall), dies at 60
1966-06-01 - Papa Jack Laine, American musician (b. 1873)
1966-06-12 - Hermann Scherchen, German conductor/music publisher, dies at 74
1967-03-10 - Yiorgos Batis, Greek composer and musician (b. 1885)
1967-03-18 - Jimmy Blaine, singer (Stop the Music), dies at 42
1967-04-29 - J.B. Lenoir, American Blues Musician (b. 1929)
1967-08-07 - Max Branch, music/radio commentator, dies at 75
1969-05-19 - Coleman Hawkins, US jazz musician/composer, dies
1969-10-03 - Skip James, American blues musician (b. 1902)
1969-10-30 - Pops Foster, American musician (b. 1892)
1969-11-18 - Ted Heath, British musician and bandleader (b. 1902)
1970-03-21 - Manolis Chiotis, Greek songwriter and musician (b. 1920)
1970-05-11 - Johnny Hodges, American musician (b. 1906)
1970-06-11 - Earl Grant, American musician and singer (b. 1931)
1971-01-19 - Harry Shields, American musician (b. 1899)
1971-07-06 - Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, jazz musician (Hello Dolly), dies at 71
1971-08-13 - King Curtis, [Curtis Ousley], US musician, murdered at 37
1971-08-25 - Ted Lewis, American musician and entertainer (b. 1890)
1972-02-08 - Markos Vamvakaris, Greek musician and songwriter (b. 1905)
1972-03-27 - Sharkey Bonano, American musician (b. 1904)
1972-12-03 - Bill Johnson, American musician (b. 1872)
1973-01-26 - Jay C. Higginbotham, American musician (b. 1906)
1973-03-05 - Michael Jeffery, British music manager (b. 1933)
1973-03-26 - Safford Cape, US/Belgian conductor/composer/musicologist, dies at 67
1973-09-15 - Victor Jara, Chilean musician (b. 1941)
1973-12-03 - Emile Christian, American musician (b. 1895)
1974-10-16 - Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar, noted Carnatic musician (b. 1895)
1974-11-09 - Egon Joseph Wellesz, Austria, composer/musicologist, dies at 89
1974-11-19 - George Brunies, American musician (b. 1902)
1975-01-26 - Lubov Orlova, actress (Moscow Laughs, Man of Music, Tanya), dies at 72
1975-02-04 - Louis Jordan, American musician (b. 1908)
1975-05-13 - Bob Wills, American musician (b. 1905)
1975-07-14 - Madan Mohan, Hindi Film's Melodious Music director (b. 1924)
1975-07-19 - Lefty Frizzell, American country music singer and songwriter (b. 1928)
1975-10-31 - SD Burman, Indian musician (b. 1906)
1975-12-17 - Noble Sissle, jazz musician, dies at 86
1976-02-05 - Rudy Pompilli, American musician (Bill Haley and His Comets) (b. 1926)
1976-02-09 - Percy Faith, Canadian musician (b. 1908)
1976-08-29 - Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet, musician, revolutionary and philosopher (b. 1899)
1976-10-04 - Alexander Gray, singer (This is Music), dies at 74
1976-12-12 - Vinko Zganec, Croatian ethnomusicologist (b. 1890)
1977-01-02 - Errol Garner, American musician (b. 1921)
1977-02-08 - Eivind Groven, Norwegian composer and ethnomusicologist (b. 1901)
1977-05-26 - Jim Boles, actor (Kraft Music Hall, One Man's Family), dies at 63
1977-07-20 - Gary Kellgren, American music producer (b. 1939)
1977-09-04 - Stelios Perpiniadis, Greek musician (b. 1899)
1979-04-01 - Bruno Coquatrix, French music impresario (b. 1910)
1979-05-11 - Lester Raymond Flatt, musician (Ballad of Jed Clampett), dies at 64
1979-06-16 - Ben Weber, US composer (Thorne Music Award 1965), dies at 62
1979-06-21 - Angus Maclise, American mystic, shaman, musician, and composer (b. 1938)
1979-08-25 - Stan Kenton, orch leader (Music 55), dies at 67
1979-09-27 - Jimmy McCullough, musician (Wings), dies of a drug overdose
1979-11-23 - Judee Sill, American musician and songwriter (b. 1944)
1980-01-30 - Professor Longhair, king of New Orleans music, dies at 61
1980-04-04 - Red Sovine, American country music singer (b. 1917)
1980-12-29 - Tim Hardin, American musician (b. 1941)
1981-02-06 - Hugo Montenegro, American film music composer (b. 1925)
1981-05-28 - Mary Lou Williams, black musician, dies at 71 in Durham NC
1982-01-30 - Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (b. 1912)
1982-02-04 - Alex Harvey, Scottish musician (b. 1935)
1982-04-30 - Lester Bangs, American music journalist, author, and musician (b. 1949)
1982-07-15 - Bill Justis, American musician and producer (b. 1926)
1983-04-05 - Danny Rapp, American musician (Danny & the Juniors) (b. 1941)
1983-06-02 - Stan Rogers, musician, dies in aircraft fire
1983-11-01 - Anthony van Hoboken, Dutch musicologist (Haydn Catalog), dies at 96
1984-01-01 - Alexis Korner, British blues musician (b. 1928)
1984-03-05 - Harry Salter, orch leader (Stop the Music), dies at 85
1984-04-13 - Ralph Kirkpatrick, American musician (b. 1911)
1984-06-02 - Georgios Kasassoglou, Greek musician (b. 1908)
1984-06-15 - Ned Glass, actor (Charade, Street Music), dies of heart failure at 78
1984-12-08 - Razzle, English Musician and drummer for Hanoi Rocks (b.1960)
1985-01-20 - Jo Juda, Dutch musician, dies at 75
1985-12-04 - Marcel Boereboom, Belgian musicologist, dies at 83
1985-12-12 - Ian Stewart, Scottish musician (b. 1938)
1986-02-01 - Dick James, Beatles' music publisher (1962-70), dies in London at 58
1986-03-11 - Sonny Terry, American blues musician (b. 1911)
1986-05-19 - Jimmy Lyons, American musician (b. 1931)
1986-11-07 - Tracy Pew, Australian musician (The Birthday Party) (b. 1957)
1987-02-02 - Patrick "Spike" Hughes, Brit jazz musician (Cinderella), dies at 78
1987-03-21 - Robert Preston, actor (Harold Hill-Music Man), dies at 68
1987-03-23 - Dean Paul Martin, musician/tennis pro, killed in plane crash at 29
1987-04-26 - Shankar, Of Noted Bollywood Music Director Duo Shankar-Jaikishan (b. 1922)
